The BBC has launched a mammoth of a series in collaboration with the British Museum which will try understanding the history of the human race through a hundred sundry objects in the British Museum. The result is an amazing journey through time told through objects in the museum. Narrated by Neil MacGregor, the Director of the British Museum, this colossal project of Radio 4 promises to be very educating as well as see worthy.

The series called “A History of the World in 100 Objects”, takes viewers two million years back in time. The objects chosen from different locations world wide in various time periods will map the development of our human race till the present days. The weekly themes are devoted to specific topics which make the series even more interesting.

A look at the website devoted to this at bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld gives a good idea of how vast this project is. The pictures of various objects just seem to be hanging in a void and as one move up in time there is a sensation of entering a time warp where you can stop at any moment and explore.

The other interesting thing about the website is that the viewer has a great degree of control over how to arrange his journey through the two million years. For instance, one can chose to go through the objects on a region to region basis or chose a particular culture like the Aztecs or the Vikings. One can explore different materials like metal, cloth or gemstones down the ages or concentrate on themes like art, religion, sport or money. With so many categories to choose from viewers can personalize their exploration of world history as per their own interest.

Human history it is not only about stunning gems, jewelry or mummies. Many things which were part of the daily lives of the ancient people are as relevant or even more in making the world of today possible. These, then are an important part of our history. The kind of objects that one encounters in this program is really diverse. For instance, you will find the exotic Egyptian Anubis mask and also the simple stone hand axe made some 500,000 years ago with which our ancestors hunted for food.

Participation by museums across Britain will surely add much to this series. A program such as this will help not only trace the development of our race but will show the links between our various civilizations. Something very important in the world in which we are living now.

Pictured above: Gold Faberge cufflinks in form of Imperial Eagle. Copyright Harrogate Museums and Arts, Harrogate Borough Council

The word kimono literally means ‘thing to wear’. It cannot get more beautifully simpler than this! This stunning garment that brings to the mind elegant ladies gently sitting down to a ritual of tea was probably introduced into Japan from China as an undergarment. It has changed every now and then to conform to the lifestyle of the people of each age. Kimonos have altered over the years to keep pace with the changes in Japanese society. This one garment synonymous with Japanese culture is comfort, ease and grace rolled into one.

Traditionally kimonos were worn by both men as well as women with variations in the design of the garment. It had two distinct upper and lower pieces in the very beginning. It was during 794 to 1185 (during the Heian period) that the kimono morphed into a single long flowing garment from its prior avatar of two pieces. After this it became elaborately layered. Layer upon layer of kimonos were worn as a fashion statement. The royals and the glitterati of that age were wearing up to sixteen kimonos one under the other! The color of each kimono was tastefully exhibited at the sleeve edges and the collars.

As the warrior class rose to power from 1185 to 1133 (the Kamakura period) the intricate layered kimonos of the earlier age gave way to functionality. Kimonos with small sleeves are a development of this time. Bright colors were used in kimonos from 1192. A sort of class distinction was apparent now in the styles and the color of the kimonos. For instance, Samurai warriors could be recognized by the color of their kimonos and their allegiance to a particular leader was easily broadcast.

In the Edo period which followed (from the year 1600) the obi or the belt caught the designers fancy. It became more elaborate with sophisticated dyes and weaves.  Kimonos were becoming an artist’s canvas during this time with embroidery and dyes used to create gorgeous pieces of art. These were treasured as family heirlooms. As Japanese attire is traditionally not accessorized much, the garment has to express taste and elegance on its own while making a fashion statement.  The women’s kimono became very decorative.

With the introduction of electric weaving and the knowledge of chemical dyes from the West during the Meiji period (beginning in 1868) the kimono, as expected, changed. The fact that women now started to work outside the house also resulted in change in design. The free-flowing garment of yore was now tucked and that became the new style. The kimono became much simpler when silk production was restricted and the economy went into military buildup mode during the Showa era of 1912.

The legend of Madame White Snake is one of the most popular tales of China, with countless versions in folklore, literature, and drama. Madame White Snake, a classical transformation myth, is the story of a powerful white snake demon who transforms into a beautiful woman to experience love. As a legend connected to Hangzhou’s West Lake, it may have arisen as early as the seventh century. The thirteenth century saw the first literary versions, no doubt borrowed from professional storytellers in the streets of Hangzhou. It first appeared on stage in the fourteenth century, and the story is today one of the most often performed in Chinese opera.

On February 26, 28, and March 2, the world premiere of Madame White Snake, a new opera co-commissioned by Opera Boston and the Beijing Music Festival, will bring the legend to live on the Cutler Majestic Theatre in Boston, MA.  In October 2010, Madame White Snake will migrate to China for its international premiere at the Beijing Music Festival. Madame White Snake is set in Hangzhou, a sister city to Boston. Mayor Thomas M. Menino and The Mayor’s Office of Arts, Tourism and Special Events are working closely with Opera Boston to highlight this sister city connection as planning moves forward for the world premiere.

Cerise Lim Jacobs, Madame White Snake’s Chinese-American librettist, is the creative force behind this pioneering adaptation of the 1,000 year old Chinese legend. She was born in colonial Singapore into a traditional Chinese family. Madame White Snake is her first opera libretto.
Zhou Long, Madame White Snake’s China-born composer, is an internationally acclaimed Chinese-born composer.  This marks his first opera.
Ying Huang, Madame White Snake’s Chinese soprano, has generated an extraordinary level of critical acclaim.

For more information, visit http://www.operaboston.org

With a history spanning 10,000 years, rice is an important cultural tradition for half the world’s population. The belief that the human body and soul are made of rice unites much of Asia and creates a deep spiritual connection to accompany the gastronomic history of rice. Rice deities usually referred to as the ‘Rice Mother,’ populate Asia giving rise to agricultural festivals and a rich mythology.

The Thai of Southeast Asia are believed to be the first to cultivate rice and it is the only crop farmers consider important enough to bless. Local rituals seek to ensure adequate rain, crop protection, and a good harvest. During the growing stage rice is ‘pregnant’ and bitter fruits are offered to the rice paddies to assuage cravings. Granaries are sacred temples where the spirits of rice dwell and straw dolls representing the Rice Mother are stored there along with the harvest. One must be careful not to startle the spirits lest they flee, taking the rice crop with them.

On New Year’s Day, elders shower Thai villagers with rice as a blessing. Boys enter into manhood by participating in the Lao Ghost Festival, which involves making ghost masks out of rice cooking implements

For the Balinese, rice is so important; its growing season defines their calendar year. Just before harvest, the elder women of Bali make Grandmother Rice figures out of rice stalks to watch over and protect rice in the granary. Rice is also left at the edges of the fields to ward off evil spirits and animals.

The rice terraces of the Philippines have been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of their cultural significance. There are twelve rice festivals throughout the year, of which the most well known is the Pahiyas harvest festival.

In Vietnam, the Rice Mother stores her harvest in the shadows of the moon. In Cambodia farmers offer prayers and leave food for ancestral spirits believed to influence the rice crop.

Throughout Asia, no meal is complete without rice and rice can’t be made without a good rice pot. Honored guests are usually served from a well seasoned heirloom rice pot. Created out of locally available materials by expert artisans, traditional rice pots may be ceramic or baskets woven of bamboo used in conjunction with metal pots. Rice pot construction is functional and specific to the rice cooking method; steamed, boiled or grilled.

A round earthenware rice pot is used for steaming. The round shape generates even heat and movement of steam as the rice cooks. The lid fits inside the rice pot, a practical design feature to circulate water. A small hole at the top of the lid releases steam. Baskets set over boiling water yield sticky rice as the steam condenses in the grains.

Historically, rice pots were decorated with religious or agricultural motifs. Birds such as cranes were often featured due to their role in rice origin myths. Some rice pots were adorned with a motif of banana leaves, which were used to serve rice. No matter the shape or decoration, the rice pots of Asia bring the prosperity of the land to the table and the soul.

Pictured above Thai Rice Pot ($75) from CulturalElements.com

Dancing has been an essential element in the Spanish culture. From simple birthday parties to social charity events, dancing can always be observed. There are numerous traditional Spanish dances such as the Sardana, Jota Aragonesa, Zambra, Bolero, Fandango, Paso doble, Muñeira that are still being practiced up to this day. But there is one Spanish dance that is the most famous of them all, the Flamenco. Even while watching TV shows such as ‘Dancing with the Stars’ or ‘So You Think You Can Dance’, you can see that many still choose to dance the Flamenco when it comes to performing classical dances; classical dances that reflect the culture of the place from where they originated.

Flamenco is definitely one of the Spanish dances that will surely grab your attention when it is performed. ‘Baile’, which is the vernacular term for Flamenco is a very famous dance throughout the country of Spain. It is characterized by impromptu movements in sync with the rhythmic guitar and the clapping by the audience of the ‘Bailaor’, the male dancer, and the ‘Bailaora’, the female dancer.

In retrospect, the Flamenco dance was at its peak between the years 1869 to 1910 and was most often than not performed at cafes and was traditionally done to audiences of no more than 20. Believed to be a combination of cultural dances from native Arabic, Sephardic, Islamic and Gypsy, its origins can actually be traced back to Andalusia, with Latin America and Cuba contributing to a big extent to form the Flamenco we know today.

In addition, different dances also have different attires attributed to them. With the Flamenco, male dancers usually don tuxedos colored in black or red with flexible trousers to facilitate freedom of movement, while the female dancers wear white or blue dresses with ruffles matched with high heeled shoes and usually have their long hair tied in a bun. Last but not the least, Flamenco would not be complete without the use of the ‘Castanets’, which is a percussion instrument designed to produce rattling or clicking sounds used in tune with the Flamenco beat.

Are you considering taking up lessons to learn and experience what dancing the Flamenco really feels like?  The Flamenco is a very exquisite dance that exhibits the spontaneity and intuitiveness of the people of Spain. Pure energy in harmony with the guitar and clapping beats is what the Flamenco dance is all about.

Introduction

Babur, descendent of the famous Mongol warriors Timur and Ghengis Khan, swept across the Khyber Pass in 1526 and established the Mughal Empire in India. For the next 200 years, the Mughals ruled most of the Indian subcontinent.

The Mughals were known to use brutal tactics to subjugate their empire, but their approach in India was different. They followed a policy of integration with Indian culture, displaying religious tolerance and patronizing Hindu culture. Akbar, Babur’s grandson, was famous for this. He outlawed animal slaughter on Hindu and Jain holy days and rolled back unfair taxes on non-Muslims. He married a local princess, allied with the local Maharajas and attempted to fuse Turko-Persian culture with ancient Indian styles, creating a unique style of architecture. Akbar’s successors added to the Mughal heritage.

The erosion of religious tolerance coupled with increased brutality during the rule of Akbar’s grandson Aurangzeb, resulted in the downfall of the Mughal Empire.  Aurangzeb tried to establish Muslim dominance by destroying prominent Hindu temples and imposing unreasonable taxes on non-Muslims.

After the 1857 uprising in India, the British imprisoned and exiled the then Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, bringing the Mughal rule in India to an end.

Art and Craft

Unlike other invaders who were skilled at fighting wars and little else, the Mughal rulers had a taste for the finer things in life; they appreciated beautifully designed artifacts and enjoyed cultural activities.

The Mughal period is often referred to as the golden period in the history of Indian art, craft, architecture and culture. The Mughal rulers brought with them a rich heritage, which they had acquired from Persia. They introduced many new forms of art such as carpet weaving, inlay work, brocades, enameling and glass engraving. The renowned Peacock Throne of the Mughals is perhaps one of the best examples of gem inlay work and metal craft.

Art forms such as the famous Mughal miniature paintings, enameled jewelry and Pietra dura – exquisite stone inlay work which can be seen at the Taj Mahal – flourished under the Mughal Empire. Their miniature paintings influenced many schools of art such as Rajasthan paintings and the Kangra Pahari schools of miniatures. The Persian style, which blends scripts into the design, gained prominence and was used in several murals. The style became popular and seeped into Hindu temples too, especially in Kaithal, Kalayat and Rohtak.

Architecture

Mughal architecture was a combination of Indian, Islamic and Persian styles of art. The Mughals built majestic mosques, forts, gates, palaces, public buildings, gardens and water tanks. The use of running water in the palaces they built was a unique feature of Mughal architecture.

Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Lahore were the chosen venues for most of the important Mughal buildings. Among the notable Mughal structures are the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Red Fort in Delhi, Humayun’s tomb at Delhi, the tomb of Khan-i- Khanan in south Nizamuddin, the mausoleum of Akbar at Sikandara outside Agra, Jahangir’s tomb at Shahdara across the Ravi from Lahore, the tomb of Aurangzeb’s wife at Aurangabad and Nawab Safdar Jang’s tomb at Delhi.

Akbar was the first Mughal ruler to undertake construction on a large scale and the first great Mughal monument was the tomb he built for his father, Humayun. However, the most notable of Akbar’s constructions was the fort-palace at Fatehpur Sikri, Agra. Red sandstone was inlaid with white marble; the surfaces were ornately carved outside and painted inside. The fort had many low arches and bulbous domes that characterized the Mughal style during Akbar’s reign.

With the firm establishment of the Mughal dynasty, architectural development reached its zenith. Towards the end of Jahangir’s rule, the practice of constructing marble buildings and decorating their walls with floral designs of semiprecious stones became common.

The crowning glory of Mughal architecture and one of the most beautiful buildings in the world is the Taj Mahal in Agra, a tomb that Shah Jahan built for his wife Mumtaz, who died during childbirth. The Red Fort in Delhi is another of his great achievements.

The influence of the Mughal style of architecture can be seen in the construction of the famous Golden Temple in Amritsar. Complete with arches and domes it incorporates many features of Mughal architecture.

Egyptian Leather Jewelry Box

Murals from 4000 BC depict Egyptians wearing high heels made of flexible leather pieces and held onto the foot with leather ties, while panels of gilded leather work appear in some of the tombs. One of the earliest examples of Egyptian leather work is a 980 BC canopy of appliqued leather. And the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, featuring a table of fraction expansions, dates from the Middle Kingdom period.

Egyptians now offer us affordable and practical leather items like wallets, boxes, jackets, cigarette cases, shoes, bags, even dog collars, some accented with gold leaf.

Mother of Pearl Box

As early as 4500 BC, ancient Egyptians used mother of pearl as a personal ornament to make themselves more pleasing to the gods. Fragments of these ornaments, made of inlaid Mother of pearl and silver, still exist today. Mother of Pearl is made from the inside lining of shells like conch or of oyster pearls. A popular item today is the crochet necklace or bracelet of layered pearls and beads on a crocheted foundation.

Inlaid mother of pearl jewelry boxes made of wood or metal are another popular Egyptian handcraft. Constructed of abalone shell mother of pearl, hundreds of finely-cut pieces are hand set into wood or metal individually so that each box is different from others. Especially striking is the way colors are reflected from the surface as a result of how the pieces of pearl are arranged. Mother of pearl is also inlaid into decorative pieces that include silver gilt or gold into their designs.

When we think of Egyptian arts, we picture the pyramids, Sphinx and treasures of King Tut’s tomb. These are all amazing examples of ancient Egyptian artistry. But the early Egyptians had other talents as well. Many of these ancient arts and crafts are still practiced today exactly as they were in pharaoh’s time, the tools, techniques and secrets having been passed down from generation to generation.

Jewelry making, glass work, metal work, weaving, sculpture, carpentry, papyrus painting and batik are just a few of the traditional arts and crafts still practiced by Egyptian craftsmen of today. Artists continue to improve and refine their skills with specialized trainings and classes throughout their lives. Here are just a few examples of what they do so well.

The Akan people were led by King Adinkera in the 19th century. He went to war with King Asantehene who led the Ashanti people. This historic conflict took place in west Africa, what is now called Ghana. King Asantehene was victorious and took the cloth King Adinkera wore as a trophy. The cloth was special because it had symbols stamped into it. The cloth was not merely a garment but also medium for communication. These symbols are today called Adinkra, in reference to the defeated king.

The Sanfoka bird is one of the most recognized of the Adinkra symbols today. In the Akan language, Sanfoka means “it is not wrong to go back for that which you have forgotten.” The Sanfoka bird is depicted as a bird in flight looking backward over its shoulder. In its beak is an egg. The egg represents the future. A future unborn and unknown. The bird is in flight, representing the fact that history is constantly moving forward. The bird is looking into history, taking the lessons there to help form and create the future.

The Sanfoka bird appears in many African-American study courses. This powerful symbol is used to demonstrate the importance of learning and understanding the history of a people. Not just the history of Ghana. Where we come from is as important as who we are. If we don’t understand our own history, how can we truly understand ourselves? This is message the Sanfoka bird has for each of us today.